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Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans Papers

National Museum of Natural History

Object Details

Creator
Meggers, Betty Jane
Evans, Clifford, 1920-1981
Place
Venezuela -- archeology
Peru -- Archeology
Topic
Paleoindian
Archaeology
Archeology -- Meso-America
Archaeology -- Ponape, Nan Matol
Archeology -- British Guiana
Archaeology -- Ecuador
Amazonia
Indians of South America -- Brazil
Paleo-Indians -- North America
Names, place -- geographic -- South America
Provenance
The papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives by the estate of Betty J. Meggers in 2013.
Creator
Meggers, Betty Jane
Evans, Clifford, 1920-1981
Culture
American Indian -- South America
See more items in
Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans Papers
Sponsor
Funding for the processing of this collection was provided by the Smithsonian Institution's Collections Care and Preservation Fund.
Summary
The Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans Papers document their research and professional activities from 1946-2012 and primarily deal with their archaeological and anthropological research in South America. Their work at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History and their frequent collaboration with other researchers and professional organizations is also represented. In addition, this collection contains detailed records on South American research conducted by the Smithsonian Institution from the 1950s through the 2010s. The collection consists of research and project files, raw data and analysis, graphs and illustrations, photographs, correspondence, maps and charts, and administrative files.
Biographical / Historical
Clifford Evans Chronology 1920 -- Born in Dallas, Texas. 1941 -- Bachelors degree in anthropology from the University of Southern California. 1946 -- Married Betty Meggers. 1948-1949 -- Field research: Lower Amazon archaelogical expedition to Marajo, Mexiana, Caviana, and Territory of Ampa, Brazil. With Betty Meggers. 1950 -- Ph.D., Columbia University. 1950-1951 -- Instructor, Anthropology, University of Virginia. 1951-1962 -- Associate Curator, Smithsonian Department of Anthropology. 1952-1953 -- Field research: Archaelogical and ethnographic investigations in British Guiana. With Betty Meggers. 1954 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada. 1956 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations along the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador. With Betty Meggers. 1957 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada. 1958 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada. 1961 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Betty Meggers and Emilio Estrada. 1962-1964 -- Curator of the Division of Archaeology. 1963 -- Field research: Archeological investigations of megalithic structures on Nan Madol, Ponape, Caroline Islands. With Betty Meggers. 1964-1970, 1975-1981 -- Supervising Curator of the Department of Anthropological Research. 1965-1970 -- Co-principal investigator with Betty Meggers of PRONAPA. 1966 -- Field research: Archeological survey on Dominica. With Clifford Evans. 1968-1975 -- Co-principal investigator with Betty Meggers of the Proyecto Andino de Estudios Arqueologicos. 1970-1975 -- Chairman of the Department of Anthropology. 1971 -- Creates the Latin American Archaeology Fund with Betty Meggers. 1972 -- Creates the Paleo-Indian, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironmental Research Program. 1974 -- Creates the Amazon Ecosystems Research Program. 1975-1980 -- Co-principal investigator with Betty Meggers of PRONAPABA. 1976 -- Field research: Paleoindian and Archaic sites and museum collections in Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. With Betty Meggers and Dennis Stanford. 1981 -- Dies in Washington, D.C. Betty Meggers Chronology 1921 -- Born December 5 in Washington, D.C. 1943 -- A.B. in anthropology, University of Pennsylvania 1944 -- M.A., University of Michigan 1948-1949 -- Field research: Lower Amazon archaelogical expedition to Marajo, Mexiana, Caviana, and Territory of Ampa, Brazil. With Clifford Evans. 1950-1951 -- Instructor, Anthropology, American University 1952 -- Ph.D., Columbia University 1952-1953 -- Field research: Archaelogical and ethnographic investigations in British Guiana. With Clifford Evans. 1954 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada. 1954-2012 -- Research Associate, Department of Anthropology, national Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution 1956 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations along the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador. With Clifford Evans. 1957 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada. 1958 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada. 1961 -- Field research: Archaelogical survey and excavations on coastal Ecuador. With Clifford Evans and Emilio Estrada. 1963 -- Field research: Archeological investigations of megalithic structures on Nan Madol, Ponape, Caroline Islands. With Clifford Evans. 1965-1970 -- Co-principal investigator with Clifford Evans of PRONAPA. 1966 -- Field research: Archeological survey on Dominica. With Clifford Evans. 1968-1975 -- Co-principal investigator with Clifford Evans of the Proyecto Andino de Estudios Arqueologicos. 1975-1980 -- Co-principal investigator with Clifford Evans of PRONAPABA. 1976 -- Field research: Paleoindian and Archaic sites and museum collections in Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. With Clifford Evans and Dennis Stanford. 1976-1996 -- Committee for Research and Exploration, National Geographic Society 1982-1985 -- Consultant, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil 2012 -- Dies in Washington, D.C. Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans were anthropologists specializing in the archeology of lowland South America. Their combined careers at the Smithsonian Department of Anthropology totaled over 100 years. Evans was born in 1920 in Texas. He received his bachelor's degree in anthropology and archaeology from the University of Southern California in 1941. Following his service as a bombardier during World War II, he enrolled in the anthropology doctoral program at Columbia University where he met Meggers, a fellow student in the department. Meggers was born in 1921 in Washington, D.C., and was the daughter of well-known archaeologist William Frederick Meggers. She graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelors degree in anthropology in 1943 and from the University of Michigan with a masters in anthropology in 1944 before being admitted to Columbia. Meggers and Evans did their dissertation research together in South America— Meggers worked on the island of Marajo at the mouth of the Amazon River while Evans did archaeological research in the Amapa territory of Brazil. The two were married on September 13, 1946. After Evans received his Ph.D. in 1950, he was hired by the Smithsonian Institution as an associate curator in the Department of Anthropology in 1951. After graduating in 1952, Meggers worked as an anthropology instructor at American University for one year before being hired as a research associate in the Smithsonian Department of Anthropology in 1954. Evans was named Curator of the Division of Archaeology in 1962, and Supervising Curator of the newly created Office of Anthropological Research in 1964. Under his leadership, standardized operating procedures were created that centralized accessioning, cataloging, storing, and lending of objects. This freed curators from many complicated and routine activities. In 1970, Evans was appointed the Chairman of Anthropology for a five year term, where he initiated many large-scale research programs with Meggers that continued to operate many years after his chairmanship ended. The first program that Evans and Meggers created was the "Paleo-Indian, Paleoecology, and Paleoenvironmental Research Program" in 1972, which was designed to study prehistoric peoples in the Western Hemisphere. The second program, implemented in 1974 was the "Amazon Ecosystems Research Program," which organized Brazilian scientists and Smithsonian staff members interested in environmental studies of the Amazon region. Meggers and Evans conducted much of their field work together, which resulted in hundreds of articles, essays, presentations, and books. The majority of their work was done in the Amazon and Andean regions of South America, particularly Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Ecuador. Aside from these publications, they were also able to collect many archaeological specimens that are still part of the Smithsonian's holdings. The conclusions that Meggers and Evans drew from their research and field work, while ground-breaking, were often controversial. In the early 1960s local businessman and amateur archaeologist Emilio Estrada excavated pottery from the Valdivia area in Ecuador and shared his results with Meggers and Evans. After finding significant similarities between Valdivian artifacts and those from Japan's ancient Jomon culture, they theorized that there was transpacific contact between Japan and South America around the beginning of the third millennium B.C. Their theory remains controversial. Meggers and Evans also argued that despite the rich forests of the Amazon region, the river basin's thin, poor soil could not hold enough nutrients to sustain intensive agriculture. As a result, they argued, large and complex societies could not have existed in the Amazon River basin as other archaeologists and anthropologists have suggested. After finishing his tenure as chairman of the Department of Anthropology, Clifford Evans died in 1981 of a heart attack at the age of 60. Following his death, Meggers continued in her position as research associate in the Department of Anthropology for another 30 years. Though she did not conduct additional fieldwork after her husband's death, Meggers wrote prolifically and was heavily involved in analyzing field work data and collaborating with colleagues working throughout South America. She made it possible for many researchers to study and conduct research at the National Museum of Natural History, and presented in many conferences and seminars locally and internationally. In addition, Meggers advocated on the behalf of colleagues to the National Geographic Society and other organizations to procure funding for archaeological and anthropological expeditions all over the world. Betty Meggers died in 2012 at the age of 90.
Extent
129 Linear feet
Date
1893-2012
Archival Repository
National Anthropological Archives
Identifier
NAA.2013-01
Type
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Field notes
Citation
Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans Papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
Arrangement
This collection is arranged in 12 series: Series 1. Personal, 1893-2012, undated; Series 2. Writings, 1944-2011, undated; Series 3. Research, 1930-2011, undated; Series 4. Correspondence, 1922-2012; Series 5. Conferences and Seminars, 1949-2010, undated; Series 6. Museum and Institute Subject Files, 1973-2011, undated; Series 7. Smithsonian Institution Amazon Ecosystem Program, 1962-2008, undated. Series 8. National Program of Archeological Research in Brazil, 1961-1989, undated; Series 9. Paleoindian Research: Paleoclimatology and Paleofauna Programs, 1960-1992, undated; Series 10. Latin American Archaeology Fund, 1971-1991, undated; Series 11. Photographs, 1937-2008, undated; Series 12. Maps and Charts, 1957- circa 2009, undated.
Processing Information
The collection arrived at the National Anthropological Archives in 2013 after being stored in Meggers' office at the National Museum of Natural History since her death in 2012. Where present, original folder titles have been retained. All others were supplied by the archivist. Processed and encoded by Tyler Stump and Adam Fielding, 2015
Rights
Contact the repository for terms of use.
Bibliography
1952 -- Cultural Stratigraphy in the Viru Valley, Northern Peru: The Formative and Florescent Epochs -- . New York: Columbia University Press. 1955 -- A Ceramic Study of Virginia Archaeology -- . Washington: United States G.P.O. 1957 -- Archaeological Investigations at the Mouth of the Amazon -- . Washington: United States G.P.O. 1959 -- Cultura Valdivia -- . Guayaquil, Ecuador: Editorial Vida. 1960 -- Archaeological Investigations in British Guiana -- . Washington: United States G.P.O. 1964 -- The Jambali Culture of South Coastal Ecuador -- . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1963 -- Aboriginal Cultural Development in Latin America: An Interpretive Review -- . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1965 -- Guia Para Prospecção Arqueológica No Brasil -- . Belem, Brasil: Museau Goeldi. 1965 -- Early Formative Period of Costal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases -- . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1966 -- Ecuador -- . New York: Praeger. 1968 -- Archaeological Investigations on the Rio Napo, Eastern Ecuador -- . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1971 -- Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise -- . Chicago: Aldine. 1976 -- Traditional Pottery Techniques of Pakistan: Field and Laboratory Studies -- . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1972 -- Prehistoric America -- . Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. 1977 -- Estudios Arqueológicos : Antillas y Tierras Bajas de Sudamérica, Ecuador -- . Quito, Ecuador: Centro de Publicaciones, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. 1986 -- Andean Archaeology: Papers in Memory of Clifford Evans -- . Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles University Press. 1973 -- Tropical Forest Ecosystems in Africa and South America; A Comparitive Review -- . Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1992 -- Prehistoria Sudamericana : Nuevas Perspectivas : Ponencias Presentadas al Segundo Simposio Conmemorando el Quinto Centenario -- . Washington: Taraxacum. 1996 -- Personalidades y Dilemas en la Arqueología Ecuatoriana -- . Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones Abya-Yala.
Genre/Form
Field notes
Other Finding Aids
See also: Clifford Evans Papers, 1946-1975 and Records of the Department of Anthropology, 1887-1980.
Scope and Contents
The Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans papers document their research and professional activities from 1946-2012 and primarily deal with their archaeological and anthropological research in South America. There is also significant material detailing research conducted in South America by the National Museum of Natural History (particularly the Department of Anthropology). Material documenting their publication and collaboration efforts with researchers and other colleagues is represented as well. There is also limited material related to Meggers and Evans time in graduate school at Columbia University and their brief careers before starting at the Smithsonian Institution in the early 1950s. The collection consists of research and project files, raw data and analysis, graphs and illustrations, photographs, correspondence, maps and charts, and administrative files.
Restrictions
The Betty J. Meggers and Clifford Evans papers are open for research. Personal correspondence, however, is RESTRICTED until 2026.
Related Materials
There are about 25 slide cases, each containing about 200 to 300 kodachrome slides, that are currently stored at the Department of Anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History. These were created in the late 1940s and early 1950s and contain images of field work and other trips to South American locations such as Peru, British Guiana, the Peru Highlands, Ecuador, Brazil, Chile, Hondouras, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Mexico. Contact repository for more information.
Separated Materials
2 rolls of 16mm film, 22 audio cassettes, and 1 VHS of South and Central American research were transferred to the Human Studies Film Archives in 2015.
Related link
Record ID
ebl-1519237818204-1519237818339-0
Metadata Usage
CC0
GUID
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/nw3298c6712-8b6b-466a-ab1c-97af0d2004ec

In the Collection

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  • Schedule, brochures, and receipts

  • Misc. Valdivia Sites

  • Geology, Botany, Limnology

  • Wagner, Erika

  • Perota- Negatives

  • Warner Modulan Pubs- Jennings

  • Smithsonian Institution memorandums and formal invitation

  • Andinas- Gabinete de Arqueologia Social

  • Manuscript

  • Espinosa, Jorge

  • Correspondence

  • Alegria, Ricardo

  • Correspondence: Universidad del Norte

  • Sociedad Chilena de Arqueologica Honoary Member

  • Justifying Office Space

  • The Law of Cultural Evolution as a Practical Research Tool

  • Chimney Burials photographs

  • Lowland South America and the Antilles in Ancient Native Americans, edited by Jesse D. Jennings

  • Bird, Robert McKelvy:

  • Mujica, Elias

  • Moon Crater

  • Silves

  • Campbell, Kenneth E.

  • Rio Ucayali, Orixinina photographs

  • Netherley, P.

  • S.A. Archaeologist Position

  • The Steps to Civilization in the Americas

  • Lobed and Folded-over Rims

  • Formatice Conference- Cuanca

  • Correspondence

  • Yang, Hsi-mei

  • Schmitz, Pedro

  • Boim- Hilbert

  • Terra Vermelha

  • Biota Amazonia symposium, Belem, Brazil: Conference papers by Meggers and Evans

  • Kupperman, Sarah: Accounting correspondence

  • Zevallos Menendez, Carlos

  • Amazonia- Geology and Soil

  • Vita

  • Schobinger, Juan

  • Mounted Manuscript Photographs

  • Photographs: Award ceremony at Smithsonian Institution

  • Terminology

  • Ecuador

  • Meggers/Opter- JAR

  • Ultimas Civilizaciones Prehistoricos de la Cuenca del Rio Guayas

  • Enlargements, Photo Requests

  • Johannessen, Carl

  • Instituto Nacional de Cultura- Reglamento de Investigaciones Arqueologias

  • Charute Burial Report- Ubelaker

  • Wapishana

  • Hominid Origins

  • Wenner-Gren grant application

  • Requests for Funds

  • Orinoco - SF de A to Ventuari

  • Academia Nacional de Historia, Ecuador

  • Santa Elena Peninsula Sherds, Ferdon-Simmons Study

  • Porras- Sangay

  • Agurcia, Ricardo

  • Betty Jame Meggars- Photographs and Negatives

  • Wendorf, Fred

  • La Cabuya Site

  • Correspondence

  • Settlement Pattern Data

  • Original Field Notes

  • Possible Impact of Mega-Nino Events on Pre-Columbian Population in the caribbean

  • Coeficiente Brainerd Robinson: Panacea Real o Ilusoria? Una Revision de las Bases utilizadas para Criticar La Seriacion como Metodo para Reconstruir la Reocupacion de Sitios en Las Tierras Bajas Amazonicas, with Daniel Gonzalez Lens

  • Ribeiro, Berta and Darcy

  • Vickers- Aguarico River

  • Village Movement- Jamari

  • Vita- Betty J, Meggers

  • SCA-1 Figurines

  • Meeting VII

  • "Sunrise on Ponape" cartoon

  • Jomon Sherds

  • 8x10's photographs

  • Nose ring 1247- Battelle Tests

  • Personal

  • Hesse, Brian and Paula: Manuscripts

  • Menzies, Gavin

  • Tropical Forest: Road-Cutting

  • Stothert

  • KCET

  • 9th Int. Congress for the Study of Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles- Tribute

  • Carlos Angulo

  • Historic Photos- Moon Crater

  • Ecuador Museums

  • Rees, Charlotte

  • Societe Suisse des Americanistes

  • Klein, Howard- Rockefeller Foundation Textile Project

  • Meeting II

  • Loveland Pass; Monument Valley

  • Kalkman, Ana Lucia

  • Caracas

  • Negatives of Ford's Formative Manuscript Illustrations

  • Dias- Acre and Jurua

  • Abavy

  • Mangueiras

  • SCA-1 Jomon

  • Patajen Flap

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Georgetown, British Guiana
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