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The Silk Road: Connecting Cultures, Creating Trust

Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage

Object Details

Introduction
The Silk Road defines an exchange of products, both material and intellectual, across Eurasia from China to the Mediterranean, traditionally from the 2nd century B.C.E. through the first twelve centuries of the Common Era. People who know something of the Silk Road think first of the transport of silk to Rome or the expansion of Buddhism from India to China, although certainly it is much more. But why silk, and why a road to describe this exchange? Silk provides the example of a mysterious luxury product for which people throughout the region were willing to pay high prices and even jeopardize lives. And the "road" refers to the exchange of those material products that traveled by land, although this literal meaning must be extended to include cultural and spiritual exchanges that would be part of a metaphorical Silk Road. Beyond these definitions the idea of the Silk Road is still available for new interpretations. And in the political environment prevailing in 2002, the idea was particularly evocative. Visitors to the Festival were greeted by five "sentinels of arrival," landmarks along the ancient Silk Road: St. Mark's Square in Venice, Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya) mosque/church/museum in Istanbul, Registan Square in Samarkand, the Xi'an bell tower, and the great gate to Todaiji Temple in Nara. Each housed a stage that reflected a different performance tradition. The performing arts selected for the Festival were grouped into spiritual activities, courtly entertainment, local celebrations and entertainments, nomadic presentations, and new musics that draw from tradition. Spiritual music, for example, provided the program an opportunity to present the stories of the expansion of religion - Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity - along the Silk Road. Buddhist monks from Tibet and Sufi Muslim devotees from Turkey and Bangladesh highlighted the central role that religion played in Silk Road trade. Existing examples of ancient silk, pottery, carpets, and glass all tell very specific stories of travel and exchange and remind us of the extent to which people across the region have been connected throughout history. What may be surprising to some, however, is how many such objects are still made today. The curatorial staff chose to feature ceramics, silk and cotton textiles, carpets, paper, and stone and metal products, including glass. Each was in a different compound - the Paper Garden, the Ceramics Courtyard, the Silk Grove, the Family Oasis, and the Jewel Garden - and told a story from a different period along the Silk Road, including, in some cases, a chapter from life in the United States. Paper, for example, was invented in China and remained a secret of the region for centuries; along with written language, writing materials were thought to possess magical qualities. Religious texts as well as commercial bills were written out and transported along a route that, through such communication, could more easily function. Each region added its own distinctive features of paper art including Turkish marbling and Italian watermarks. Similar elaborations have been made in the art of calligraphy, which, particularly in Islamic and Chinese cultures, has become highly refined and stylistically differentiated as to school and usage. Representatives of these schools still train new generations of artists along the Silk Road and in the United States. The movement of religious traditions around the world has arguably been one of the most important forces throughout world history. Both Islam and Buddhism were introduced to millions of new adherents along the Silk Road, and these conversions continue to alter the face of our world. These religions, along with all of the above exchange goods, have also altered the face of the United States. Many Americans drink tea in fine china, buy "Oriental" carpets, and certainly wear garments of cotton, wool, and silk. They are likely familiar with Asian martial arts and may attend an Islamic mosque. The Silk Road has extended to the United States and, since the tragic events of September 11, 2001, understanding that connection clearly has become more important. The 2002 Festival offered its million visitors the opportunity to learn more about the roots of this vital connection and to celebrate the long-standing relationships that have existed between East and West and North and South. The Festival provided a rare opportunity to connect with other cultures as well as with one's own and in doing so, in a small way, to build trust between and within cultures of the global Silk Road. Richard Kennedy and Theodore Levin were Co-Curators, assisted by a Curatorial Committee whose members included Milo Beach, Jean During, Henry Glassie, Tom Kessinger, Alma Kunanbay, and Yo-Yo Ma. Cristin Bagnall, Jean Davidson, Catherine Gevers, Richard Kennedy, Richard Kurin, Theodore Levin, Diana Parker, and Esther Won made up the Production Committee. Rajeev Sethi was Festival Scenographer, and James Deutsch, Stephen Kidd, Arlene Reiniger, and Shayna Silverstein were Program Coordinators. Betty Belanus was Family Activities Coordinator; Jane Farmer was Paper Garden Coordinator; Marjorie Hunt was Silk Grove Coordinator; and Diana Baird N'Diaye was Fashion Court Coordinator.
Researchers and local coordinators
Abduvali Abdurashidov, Mila Ahmedova, Omer Akakça, Bassam AI-Kahouaji, Dinara Amirova, Nahomi Aso, Najmieh Batmanglij, Betty Belanus, Laura Beldiman, Susan Blader, Guanghui Chen, Rta Kapur Chishti, Shafique Rahman Choudhury, Jerome Cler, Ardasher Dekhoti, James Deutsch, Hermine Dreyfuss, Cloe Drieu, Jean During, Jane Farmer, Sasan Fatemi, Walter Feldman, Henry Glassie, Chen Guanghui, Harold Hagopian, Elias Hanna, Rachel Harris, K. David Harrison, Bhagwati Prasad Hatwal, Martha Huang, George Jevremovic, Neslihan Jevremovic, Stephen Jones, Richard Kennedy, Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Stephen Kidd, Doug Kim, Peg Koetsch, Alma Kunanbay, Gavyn Lavergne, Theodore Levin, Firoz Mahmud, Elshan Mansurov, Peter Marsh, Andranik Michaelian, Nataliya Mussina, Afanassij Myldyk, Olima Nabiva, Eden Naby, Mohammed Nasseripour, Liesbet Nyssen, Susan Pertel-Jain, Aziz Rahman, Marjorie Ransom, Arlene Reiniger, Rajeev Sethi, Pravina Shukla, Razia Sirdibaeva, Atesh Sonneborn, Youssef Summad, Nancy Sweezy, Takashi Takahara, D. Tserenpil, Shu-ni Tsou, Oguzhan Tugral, Mark van Tongeren, Seric Walley, Philippa Watkins, Chris Walter, Toshio Watanabe
Presenters
Sibel Akad, Omer Akakça, Bassam AI-Kahouaji, Dina Amirova, William Belcher, Susan Blader, Camilla Bryce-Laporte, Sertac Çakim, Charles Camp, Guanghui Chen, Rta Kapur Chishti, Dinara Chochunbaeva, Shafique Rahman Choudhury, Jerome Cler, David d'Heilly, Tenzin Dickyi, Hermine Dreyfuss, Jean During, Jane Farmer, Walter Feldman, Alysia Fischer, Gail Forman, Helen Frederick, Ganbold, Henry Glassie, Harold Hagopian, Rachel Harris, K. David Harrison, Bhagawati Prasad Hatwal, Catherine Hiebert Kerst, Neslihan Jevremovic, Alison Allen Jia, Mark Kenoyer, Dipti Khera, Doug Kim, Benjamin David Koen, Peg Koetsch, Alma Kunanbay, Gavyn Lavergne, Tom Leech, Theodore Levin, Yo-Yo Ma, LaVerne Magarian, Firoz Mahmud, Peter Marsh, Nataliya Mussina, Eden Naby, Joan Nathan, Liesbet Nyssen, Nilgun Peksalli, Susan Pertei-Jain, Steven Prieto, Frank Proschan, Marjorie Ransom, Philip Schuyler, Shubha Sankaran, Pravina Shukla, Robin Ami Silverberg, Madan Gopal Singh, Nancy Sweezy, Takashi Takahara, Geshe Lobsang Tenzin, Oguzhan Tugral, Michael Twitty, Kojiro Umezaki, Mark van Tongeren, Yuriko Yamaguchi, Wang Yousheng, Chris Walter, Philippa Watkins, Jeffrey Werbock
Participants
PERFORMANCE TRADITIONS AFGHAN MUSIC (AFGHANISTAN, UNITED STATES) Homayoun Sakhi, vocal, -- rubab Toryalay, tabla Araa Zalmai, vocal, -- doira AITYS: -- NOMADIC TOURNAMENT (IRAN) Masheallah Akbari (Azeri), vocal, -- balaban Asheq Hasan (Azeri), vocal, -- saz Youssef Dibaei (Turkmen), vocal, -- kamanche Anaberdy Vejdani (Turkmen), vocal, -- dutar (KAZAKHSTAN) Almasbek Almatov, vocal Sayan Aqmolda, vocal, -- qylqobyz Rysbek Ashimov, vocal Sholpan Beimbetova, vocal Yedil Khussainov, jew's harp Amandik Komekulu, vocal, -- dombra Serzhan Shakrat, vocal (KYRGYZSTAN) Ruslan Jumabaev, -- komuz Kenjekul Kubatova, -- komuz -- , vocal (TAJIKISTAN) Sator Fozilov, -- doira Oumar Temourov, -- ghijak (TURKMENISTAN) Lale Begnazarova, vocal Maksat Begnazarov, vocal Osman Gujimov, -- dutar (QARAQALPAKSTAN, UZBEKISTAN) Zulfiya Arzumbetova, vocal, -- dutar Salamatdin Kaipnazarov, -- ghijak BADAKHSHANI MUSICAL TRADITIONS (TAJIKISTAN) Nobovar Tchanorov, -- satar -- , -- rubab -- , vocal Mouborakcho Djoumaev, -- rubab Zarina Kobilova, dancer Djoumakhon Madjidov, -- rubab -- , vocal Ulfatmo Mamadambarova, vocal, -- doira -- , -- chang Moussavar Minakov, -- satar -- , -- ghijak -- , -- rubab Gulbek Saodatov, -- satar BEIJING OPERA FEATURING QI SHU FANG (CHINA) Ding Mei-Kui Huang Chen Lin, second fiddle Huang Shi Rong, big drum Li Peng Li Shi-sheng, gong Liu Chunnuan Qi Shufang James Qian, fiddle Sun Ya Hui Zhao Zhen Ping, moon mandolin Zhao Zong Quan BEZMÂRÂ (TURKEY) Kemal Caba, -- kamanche Ayse Serap Çağlayan, -- kanun Walter Feldman, -- kudum Aziz Şenol Filiz, -- ney Fikret Karakaya, -- çeng Osman Kırklıkçı, -- sehrud Birol Yayla, -- tanbur -- , -- kopuz -- , guitar BUKHARAN JEWISH MUSIC AND DANCE (UNITED STATES) Ilyas Malaev Ensemble -- Ilyas Malaev EnsembleYusuf Abramov, tarMatat Barayev, doiraOchil Ibrahimov, vocal, tar, ghijakTamara Kataev, dancerIlyas Malaev, vocal, tarIzro Malakov, vocalMuhabbat Shamoeva, vocal Shashmaqam -- ShashmaqamAboshaul Aminov, vocalOsher Barayev, doiraDavid Davidov, tarFiruza Junatan, dancerBoris Kuknariyev, vocal, accordionShumiel Kuyenov, doiraIzro Malakov, vocalShoista Mulldzhanova, vocal Sazandas -- SazandasTravis F. JarrellFiruza JunatanTamara KataevTofahon Pinkhasova CALICANTO (ITALY) -- CALICANTO (ITALY)Claudia Ferronato, vocalNicola Marsilio, clarinet, flute, sax, dudukGiancarlo Tombesi, double bassRoberto Tombesi, vocal, mandola, diatonic accordion, bagpipesPaolo Vidaich, percussion CHINESE STORYTELLING (CHINA) Chong Yujie, Jingyun -- dagu Jai Jainguo, Kuaiban Jiang Yunxian, Suzhou -- tanci Lian Liru, Beijing -- pingshu Mu Xiangzheng, -- sanxian -- accompanist Tang Gengliang, Suzhou -- pinghua ETHNOS SHINGIGAKU: ASIAN MASK DANCE THEATER (JAPAN) Mannojo Nomura, producer Théodore Bah (Guinea), actor I Made Djimat (Indonesia), actor Fujita Shuji, staff Hashimoto Katsutoshi, actor Hatakeyama Yuko, musician Ino Makiko, actor Irino Tomoe, musician Challissery Antony Joy (India), actor Kang Cha Wook (Korea), musician Kawamura Kohei, musician Kim Do Yoen (Korea), actor Kim Yong Mok (Korea), actor Koga Kumiko, staff Lakshmipathy Narendra Kumar (India), actor Kuwabara Kayo, staff Lee Dong Yong (Korea), actor Lu Hairong (China), actor Miura Tsuneo, actor Qian Tenghao (China), musician I Ketut Rudida (Indonesia), actor Sugawara Kaori, actor Latyr Sy (Senegal), musician Shinsuke Suzuki, staff Ye Fang (China), actor HUA FAMILY SHAWM AND PERCUSSION BAND (CHINA) Hua Jinshan, drum Hua Lei, small cymbals Hua Yinshan (leader), shawm Hua Yun, shawm Xie Jian, gong INDIAN MELA PERFORMERS (INDIA) Aziz Khan, magician Kishan, son of Laxman Bharti, juggler Kishan, son of Sharwan Nath, -- behrupia INDIAN OCEAN (INDIA) Ashim Chakravarthy, tabla, drums Amit Kilam, drums Rahul Narasimha Ram, bass Susmit Sen, guitar KATHPUTLI PUPPET THEATRE (INDIA) Guddi Bhatt Jagdish Bhatt Puran Bhatt MANGANIYAR MUSIC OF RAJASTHAN (INDIA) Gazi Khan Bar ana, -- dholak -- , -- khartal -- , -- morchang Anwar Khan, vocal Kheta Khan, vocal Chanan Khan Manganiar, -- khamayacha -- , -- vocal MAQAM (UZBEKISTAN, TAJIKISTAN) Mastona Ergashova, vocal Abdurahim Hamidov, -- dutar Jurabek Nabiev, vocal Shawkat Nabiev, -- ghijak Shuhratdjon Nabiev, -- tanbur MONGOLIAN MUSICAL TRADITIONS I. Amartüvshin, -- morin huur G. Khongorzul, -- urtiin duu -- (long song singer) Ts. Sansarbayar, -- yatga N. Sengedorj, -- hoomii -- throat-singer, fiddles B. Tsengelmaa, -- bielgee -- dancer MUGHAM -- (AZERBAIJAN) Elnur Ahmadov, -- kamanche Aydin Aliyev, -- garmon Niyamettin Babyev, vocal Elchin Hashimov, -- tar Adalat Nasibov, -- saz Leyla Rahimova, vocal MUQAM OF THE UYGHURS (CHINA) Rozi Tukhluk (Uzbekistan), vocal, -- rawap -- , -- tanbur Nur Mähämmät Tursun, -- satar -- , -- tanbur Sänubär Tursun, vocal, -- dutar MURAS (KYRGYZSTAN) Toktobek Asanaliev, komuz, vocal Gulbara Baigashkaeva, -- komuzl temir komuz Bakytbek Chatyrbaev, -- qylqiyak Nurlanbek Nyshanov, -- komuz -- , -- chor -- , -- chopo chor -- , -- temir komuz PARISA AND DARIUSH TALAI: PERSIAN CLASSICAL MUSIC (IRAN) Parisa, vocal Dariush Talai, -- tar ROKSONAKI (KAZAKHSTAN) Yermek Diyarov, vocal, guitar Ruslan Karin, vocal, -- saz-syrnai -- , -- shan-kobyz Viktor Khomenkov, keyboards Yedil Khussainov, vocal, -- djetygen -- , -- shan-kobyz -- , -- saz-syrnai -- , -- sybyzgy -- , -- kamys-syrnai Abay Rakhyshev, vocal, drums Kazbek Spanov, vocal, guitar SABJILAR (KHAKASIA, RUSSIA) Altyn Tann Anna Burnakova, -- khai -- , percussion Chanar Khyr Khaas, -- khai -- , -- chatkhan Aycharkh Sayn, -- khai -- , -- chatkhan -- , -- qobyz SHOGHAKEN ENSEMBLE (ARMENIA) Tigran Ambaryan, -- kamanche Gevorg Dabaghyan, -- duduk Aleksan Harutyunyan, vocal, dancer Hasmik Harutyunyan, vocal, dancer Karine Hovhannisyan, -- kanun Kamo Khachatryan, -- dhol Grigor Takushyan, -- dham duduk Levon Tevanyan, -- shvi -- , zurna THE SILK ROAD ENSEMBLE Edward Arron, cello Nicholas Cords, viola He Cui, -- sheng Gevorg Dabaghyan, -- duduk Sandeep Das, tabla Joel Fan, piano G. Khongorzul, long song vocal Jonathan Gandelsman, violin Joseph Gramley, percussion Colin Jacobsen, violin Dong-Won Kim, -- chang-go Yo-Yo Ma, cello, -- morin huur Shane Shanahan, percussion Mark Suter, percussion Kojiro Umezaki, shakuhachi Yang Wei, -- pipa Beixing Xiang, erhu UZBEK PUPPET THEATER Venera Yusupova Gulshat Nazarova Dinara Yuldasheva CRAFT TRADITIONS BEAD MAKERS Haji Ashoor (Pakistan) Luigi Cattelan (Italy) Abdul Momin (Pakistan) CALLIGRAPHERS Issa M. Benyamin (United States) Niyaz Kerim Xarki (China) Muhittin Serin (Turkey) Alvin Y. Tsao (United States) Oğuzhan Tuğrul (Turkey) John S.C. Wang (United States) CERAMICISTS Chen Xinching (China) İbrahim Erdeyer (Turkey) Mehmet Gürsoy (Turkey) Higaki Hachiro (Japan) Kang Qing (China) Maekawa Denko (Japan) Masuda Shigeyuki (Japan) Haripada Pal (Bangladesh) Ahmet Hürriyet Şahin (Turkey) Nurten Şahin (Turkey) Tatebayashi Hirohisa (Japan) Xu Xiutang (China) Yie Dongxi (China) CLOTHING DESIGNERS Lola Babayeva (Uzbekistan) Turdukan Borubaeva (Kyrgyzstan) Tatiana Vorotnikova (Kyrgyzstan) Nakagawa Sochi (Japan) -- Nakagawa Sochi (Japan)Azechi RikaKishimoto KanehiroKoiwa JunNakagawa MasahiroNakagawa Tatsuya Taras Volikov (Uzbekistan) GLASS BLOWERS (SYRIA) Hasan al Kazzaz Mhd. Nazir al Kazzaz METALWORKERS AND JEWELERS Richard Furrer (United States) Sirajul Islam (Bangladesh) Mohamad al Malli (Syria) George Oubid (Syria) B.D. Soni (India) MUSICAL INSTRUMENT MAKERS John Bertles (United States) Marat Damdyn (Tuva, Russia) PAINTERS Yeshi Dorjee (United States) Mohammed Nasseripour (United States) Gyan Prakash Soni (India) Aram Vartanov (United States) PAPER ARTISTS Tohtu Baqi Turdi (China) Fukunishi Hatsumi (Japan) Fukunishi Masayuki (Japan) Guerrino Lovato, mask maker (Italy) Asif Mian, kite maker (India) Feridun Ozgoren (Turkey, United States) Roberto Rapanotti (Italy) Zhang Fengxue (China) STONE CARVERS Iftikar Ahmed (Pakistan) Ghulam Mustafa (Pakistan) Lorisa Norbu (Tuva, Russia) Alexei Salchak (Tuva, Russia) TEXTILE ARTISTS BLOCK PRINTER (INDIA) Shaikh Mohammad Hussain BROCADE WEAVERS (SYRIA) Ahmad Chakkaki Louai Jarkas IKAT WEAVERS (UZBEKISTAN) Bobir Ismailov Dilbar Khalimova Davlat Umaralyev IKAT PATOLA WEAVERS (INDIA) Salvi Bharatkumar Kantilal Salvi Rohitkumar Kantilal Salvi Vinayak Kantilal JAMDANI WEAVERS (BANGLADESH) Shawkat Ali Md. Enamul Haque NAVAJO CARPET WEAVER (UNITED STATES) D.Y. Begay RABARI WEAVER (INDIA) Ramiben Ratna Rabari TIBETAN CARPET WEAVERS (NEPAL) Tsering Bhuti Dawa Tsamchoe TURKISH CARPET WEAVERS (TURKEY) Ahmet Balcı Mukaddes Kavak Ummu Gülsum Yılmaz TURKMEN CARPET WEAVERS (PAKISTAN) Abdul Baqi Sadaf Baqi TUSSAH SILK WEAVER (INDIA) Gunia Devi TRUCK PAINTERS (PAKISTAN) Haider Ali Jamil Uddin NOMADIC TRADITIONS (KAZAKHSTAN) Almasbek Almatov, yurt builder Sayan Aqmolda, yurt builder Rysbek Ashimov, yurt builder Baltabay Ibrayev, yurt builder Amangul Ikhanova, felt maker Zhangir Umbetov, leatherworker, yurt builder FOODWAYS TRADITIONS Najmieh Batmanglij (Persian) Mukadder (Katie) Buyukunsal (Turkish) Jinghua Chi (Chinese) Roberto Donna (Italian) Enzo Fargione (Italian) Shajan Fazelyar (Uzbek) Huilan Hu (Chinese) Nahid Javadi (Azerbaijani) Jila Naim (Afghan) Marco Nocco (Italian) Shukrieh Raad (Afghan) Shobha Shah (Indian) Fay Shahidi (Persian) Nikta Shahidi (Persian) Behjat Shahverdiani (Persian) Sakina A. Shehadi (Syrian) Leda Zenian (Armenian) SACRED TRADITIONS ALEVI SEMAH OF HUBYAR (TURKEY) Aysel Adigüzel Rıza Adigüzel Allı Aydın Hasan Aydın Bahar Bayrı Tutca Cücü Hüseyin Denizhan, -- ashik Rüştü Durna Süleyman Duran Ahmet Güngör, -- ashik Dürdane Karagöz Cemal Özcan THE KUSHTIA BAULS (BANGLADESH) -- THE KUSHTIA BAULS (BANGLADESH)Anjali Ghosh Durga, vocalShunil Kormakar, vocalMd. Naimul Karim Melal, vocalSanchita Paul, vocalMd. Belal Siddique, vocal Madan Gopal Singh (India) TIBETAN MONKS FROM THE DREPUNG MONASTERY (INDIA, UNITED STATES) Geshe Lobsang Chogyal Lobsang Chophel Lobsang Dhargye Wangchen Dorjee Thupten Kungkhen Dhakpa Norbu Tsering Phuntsok Dondup Tenzin URHOY CHOIR (SYRIA) Sandy Amsih Adnan Aziz Edwar Danho Ilona Danho Fadi Karat Izla Karat Jean Karat George Kentar Maya Stifo Samira Steifo SPORTS AND MARTIAL ARTS TRADITIONS ASIAN MARTIAL ARTS (UNITED STATES) Steve Brown Sifu Tony Chen Christopher Cheung Patrick Chew Laura Copenhaver Janet Gee Bernard Beno Hwang Kaela Kang Jia Tao Zhang BUKH: LEGENDARY WRESTLING TRADITION (MONGOLIA) THANG-TA (INDIA) Khilton Nongmaithem POTOMAC POLO CLUB Greg Ford Mara Hagan Charlie Muldoon Joe Muldoon, Jr. Joe Muldoon III Martine Maldanado Dave Polan ZURKHANE (IRAN) Morshed Mehregan, -- morshed
Collection Creator
Smithsonian Institution. Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
See more items in
Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 2002 Smithsonian Folklife Festival
Archival Repository
Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections
Identifier
CFCH.SFF.2002, Series 2
Type
Archival materials
Collection Citation
Smithsonian Folklife Festival records: 2002 Smithsonian Folklife Festival, Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections, Smithsonian Institution.
Collection Rights
Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.
Collection Restrictions
Access to the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections is by appointment only. Visit our website for more information on scheduling a visit or making a digitization request. Researchers interested in accessing born-digital records or audiovisual recordings in this collection must use access copies.
Related link
Record ID
ebl-1503512888071-1503512888083-1
Metadata Usage
CC0
GUID
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/bk528fba63b-902a-4300-9a02-98c68d4f167d

Related Content

  • Online Finding AidSmithsonian Folklife Festival records: 2002 Smithsonian Folklife Festival

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