Guidelines for Taking Wood Samples from Objects of Antiquity
(These are best-case scenario guidelines, and should be followed when possible.)
Where To Sample
- In an unexposed area of the object that is not structurally crucial
- In an area of straight grain, free from knots and burls
- Please avoid areas such as nail/nail holes, labels or signatures, saw or drill marks, joinery or beneath hardware.
What To Sample
- Secondary woods (structural or from hidden areas)
- Any parts of the object which one is uncertain about
- Any parts of the object which superficially appears to be made of different wood
How To Sample
Sample Size
- Softwoods (pine, spruce, fir, etc.) - at least match stick size (2mm x 2mm x 15mm with the grain)
- Hardwoods (oak, walnut, sweet gum, etc.) - at least pencil eraser size (5mm x 5mm x 20 mm with the grain)
- Tropical Woods (Mahogany, Sabicu, Astronium, etc.) - at least a ½" cube
Sample Integrity
- Samples should be free from, irregular grain, punky or rotted areas and insect holes.
- Samples should be taken in one, solid piece. Small flakes are unacceptable.
Sample Taking
- Use a stout, very sharp knife or a ¼" chisel.
- Make first cut across the grain and about ¼" deep. (A below)
- Make second cut across the grain, at least ¼" away from first cut. (B below)
- Align the chisel with the grain, between the first two cuts and about ¼" below the edge of the wood. (C below)
- Insert the chisel and twist to pry or pop the sample out. (C below)
Sample Preparation
- Place each sample in a coin envelope and mark the envelope with the name of the object and from where it came
- Place sample envelopes in a padded mailer to avoid crushing in the mail.
Prepared by Harry A. Alden, Microscopist, MCI. 2002.