SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948
Fax: (507) 212-8148

Eldredge Bermingham, Director

Thirty-five permanent scientific staff and twelve hundred visiting scientists each year at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute offer a dynamic intellectual community for students of tropical biology. Our two areas of excellence: discovering and understanding life's diversity, and the study of human diversity and cultural change, embrace a wide range of academic disciplines. Our work is conducted throughout the tropical world: researchers participate in projects in more than 40 countries.

STRI offers scientific training programs and tools for young scientists and professionals, making our scientific staff, libraries and field stations available to the international academic community. This enriches our own endeavor as STRI staff engage in intellectual exchange with scholars and students from other institutions.

With a history of research on the evolution, ecology and behavior of tropical organisms going back more than 80 years, STRI also looks to the future with major initiatives in soil science, plant physiology, canopy biology, paleoecology and climate change, molecular biology and neurobiology.

The Isthmus of Panama offers unique advantages for scientific research. Formed about three million years ago, the isthmus is a complex zone of contact between the floras and faunas of North and South America. In addition, it separates closely related forms of marine life that were isolated in the Atlantic and Pacific Basins. Panama's topography and small size mean that a wide range of habitats are accessible within a short distance. Terrestrial habitats range from dry grasslands and scrub, through seasonal and evergreen lowland tropical forests, to montane and perpetually wet cloud forests. Marine environments include muddy, sandy, and rocky shores, coral reefs, mangroves, sea grasses and the open waters of the Caribbean and the eastern Pacific. Rivers and lakes provide opportunities for freshwater studies. Ten modern research facilities in the Republic of Panama provide an ideal base for tropical biology research.

STRI's headquarters, including administrative offices, library, and the Earl S. Tupper Research and Conference Center, are located in the Ancon area of Panama City. The Tupper Center houses laboratories and offices for scientists as well as an auditorium and meeting rooms. STRI's Tropical Sciences Library is one of the most comprehensive in the world for tropical studies, receiving 500 periodicals and containing more than 60,000 volumes.

STRI operates a range of well equipped facilities offering excellent access to a wide variety of marine and terrestrial environments. Barro Colorado Island (BCI) is one of the best known sites in the world for the study of lowland tropical forest. A reserve since 1923, research at BCI builds on more than eight decades of scientific studies that have resulted in over fifteen hundred publications. Facilities include modern laboratories and living quarters for approximately 35 visiting scientists. The 5,000-hectare Barro Colorado Nature Monument includes the island, five mainland peninsulas, and many smaller islands, which afford opportunities for the study of primary and secondary forests, freshwater habitats, and island biogeography.

STRI's Center for Tropical Paleoecology and Archeology in Panama City is a five minute walk from its headquarters. This facility houses scientists, fellows and research assistants studying the geological rise of the Central American Isthmus, the evolution of tropical rainforests since the last glaciation, human colonization of the Isthmus and the origins of agriculture.

STRI also maintains living quarters and laboratories in the town of Gamboa for researchers interested in working in mainland areas, especially Soberania National Park. This 22,000 hectare (54,362 acre) Park contains lowland forest of various ages and a variety of freshwater habitats. A facility at Gamboa is also available for field courses. A station in Fortuna, Chiriqui, Panama's western province, provides scientists with access to wet montane forests.

The STRI Tropical Forest Canopy Program uses construction cranes to study the upper canopy of tropical forests. Cranes are now in place at a dry tropical forest in the Parque Natural Metropolitano, in Panama City, and at a very wet tropical forest site on the Caribbean side, providing safe access to the forest canopies in contrasting environments.

With marine laboratories on both the Pacific and Caribbean (Atlantic) coasts, STRI presents unique and unparalleled opportunities for comparative studies on the biota of the two oceans. Naos, on the Pacific, is a short distance from STRI headquarters near Panama City. The Molecular Evolution Laboratories, at the Naos Island Laboratories, host studies in evolutionary biology, genetics and molecular systematics. The Galeta Laboratories, 80 km (50 mi) north, on the Atlantic coast, is located at the edge of a fringing coral reef adjacent to mangrove forest. STRI's Caribbean (Atlantic) laboratory is located in Isla Colón, in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago. This laboratory offers a range of services, including boats and SCUBA to provide investigators with access to an extraordinary diversity of marine and terrestrial biota. STRI's research vessel, Urracá, is available for marine studies in either ocean, and provides transport for researchers working on land in remote areas or on offshore islands.

STRI has expanded its research on animal behavior and evolutionary biology by establishing a laboratory of Evolutionary Neurobiology and Behavior. The new facility focuses on comparative neurobiological and behavioral studies of tropical invertebrates with extreme body size reduction. The laboratory also provides well-equipped facilities for visiting neurobiologists; will host symposia on topics relating to brain miniaturization; and will explore connections between brain miniaturization and applied research related to engineering and information technology.

STRI scientists collaborate with research and academic organizations at sites throughout the tropics. STRI maintains formal cooperative research partnerships with colleagues in Kenya, Malaysia, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Ecuador, Brazil, Cameroon and other countries.

Large-scale, permanent forest plots have been established based on methods originally developed on Barro Colorado Island in Panama. These forest dynamic plots form a

Global Earth Observatory network under The Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS), a STRI program to promote long-term biological and socio-economic research within tropical forests and forest-dependent communities, and to translate this information into relevant forest management, conservation, and natural resources policies. Many findings are tested directly in the Panama Canal watershed and at other sites as part of a huge, landscape-level study of reforestation with native tree species coordinated the CTFS and the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and in close cooperation with the Panama Canal Authority and Panama's Environmental Authority (ANAM). At the Mpala Research Centre in the Laikipia Plateau of Kenya, for example, scientists integrate research in disciplines ranging from wildlife/livestock management, ecology, geology, and animal physiology.

The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) is the world's largest-scale and longest-running study of habitat fragmentation, operated cooperatively by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Brazil's National Institute for Amazonian Research. Located in the central Amazon, near the city of Manaus, Brazil, the BDFFP was initiated in 1979 to assess the impacts of fragmentation on rainforest animals, plants, and ecological and ecosystem processes. Research in the BDFFP's 1000 square-kilometer study area is conducted by staff scientists, Brazilian and foreign graduate students, and visiting researchers. In addition to its research mission, the BDFFP sponsors education programs for Latin American university students and decision-makers. To date the BDFFP has produced well over 300 publications or graduate theses, and has trained hundreds of scientists in the Amazon region. It was awarded the prestigious Ford/Conservation International Award for Conservation Research and Training in Brazil.

In addition to Smithsonian wide fellowships administered by the Office of Fellowships in DC, STRI offers its own international, competitive awards to support the research of visiting students. Requests for fellowship information should be addressed to the Office of Academic Programs (E-Mail: fellows@si.edu). Information on facilities usage, housing and fees can be addressed to the Office for Visitors Services (E-Mail: clemonsy@si.edu). Further information on STRI facilities and research programs can be found at STRI's web site: http://www.stri.org

RESEARCH STAFF

AIELLO, Annette, Entomologist. B.A. (1972), Brooklyn College, New York; Ph.D. (1978) Harvard University. Research specialties: Life histories, behavior, and evolution of insects, especially moths and butterflies.

BERMINGHAM, Eldredge, Director, Biologist. B.A. (1977) Cornell University; Ph.D. (1986) University of Georgia. Research specialties: Molecular population genetics and evolutionary biology; historical biogeography of neotropical fishes and caribbean birds.

CHRISTY, John, Biologist. B.A. (1970) Lewis and Clark College, Oregon; Ph.D. (1980) Cornell University. Research specialties: Evolution of animal communication; sexual selection and mating systems; reproductive cycles and behavioral ecology of intertidal invertebrates with an emphasis on fiddler crabs.

COLLIN, Rachel, Staff Scientist, Director of the Bocas del Toro Research Station. Sc.B. (1993) Brown University; M.S. (1996) University of Washington; Ph.D. (2002) University of Chicago. Research specialties: Evolution of marine invertebrate life histories and development; systematics of marine gastropods.

CONDIT, Richard, Biologist. B.S. (1978) University of Illinois; Ph.D. (1984) University of California, Santa Cruz. Research specialties: Population biology; tropical forest ecology, microbial population dynamics, animal behavior.

COOKE, Richard, Archaeologist. B.A. (1968) University of Bristol; Ph.D. (1972) University of London. Research specialties: Archaeology of New World tropics; faunal analysis; human ecology; history of fishing.

CORREA, Mireya D., Scientific Staff, Botanist. Licenciado (1963) University of Panama; M.A. (1967) Duke University. Research specialties: Tropical plant systematics, especially the flora of Panama; ethnobotany, especially medicinal plants.

D'CROZ, Luis, Marine Biologist. B.S. (1971) University of Panama; M.S. (1974) University of Mexico. Research specialties: Response of tropical marine communities to environmental changes (coastal upwelling, fresh-water runoff, ENSO events).

EBERHARD, William G., Biologist, Professor, Universidad de Costa Rica. A.B. (1965), Ph.D. (1969) Harvard University. Research specialties: Behavior of insects and web-building spiders; sexual selection by cryptic female choice; genitalic evolution, effects on behavior of miniaturization of nervous system.

GUZMAN, Hector M., Staff Biologist. B.Sc. (1979), M.Sc. (1986) University of Costa Rica; Ph.D. (1994) Newcastle University, UK. Research specialties: Ecology and population dynamic of coral reefs; sclerochronology; conservation biology; human impacts on marine ecosystems, coastal management and marine pollution.

HERRE, E. Allen, Biologist. B.A. (1977) University of Chicago; Ph.D. (1988) University of Iowa. Research specialties: Coevolution of figs and their pollinator wasps; host-parasite coevolution; the evolutionary effects of population structure on sex ratio, sexual selection and parasite virulence; and interactions between tropical host plants and both mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi.

HUBBELL, Steven, Staff Scientist. B.A. (1963), Carleton College; Ph.D. (1969) University of California, Berkeley. Research specialties: Tropical forest ecology; theoretical community ecology.

JACKSON, Jeremy B.C., Biologist Emeritus. B.A. (1965), M.A. (1968) George Washington University; M.Phil. (1970), Ph.D. (1970) Yale University. Research specialties: Diversity, speciation and extinction of tropical marine invertebrates; ecology and conservation of tropical coastal communities.

KALKO, Elisabeth, Staff Scientist. M.S. (1987), Ph.D. (1991), Habilitation (1999) University of Tubingen, Germany. Research specialties: Tropical diversity; community ecology; sensory ecology; behavioral ecology; neuroethology; evolutionary biology; conservation; small mammals, particularly bats (Chiroptera).

KNOWLTON, Nancy, Biologist Emeritus. A.B. (1971) Harvard University; Ph.D. (1978) University of California, Berkeley. Research specialties: Systematics, evolution, ecology and behavior of marine invertebrates, particularly shrimps and corals, marine biodiversity, systematics, evolution.

LEIGH, JR., Egbert G., Biologist. B.A. (1962) Princeton University; Ph.D. (1966) Yale University. Research specialties: Evolution of mutualism; the role of mutualism in evolution and ecosystem function; evolutionary implications of population genetics; why there are so many kinds of tropical trees; analogies between economies and ecosystems.

LESSIOS, Harilaos, Senior Scientist. B.A. (1973) Harvard College; M.Phil. (1976), Ph.D. (1979) Yale University. Research specialties: Molecular evolution and population genetics of marine organisms; ecology of coral reefs.

LINARES, Olga F., Senior Research Staff - Anthropologist Emeritus. B.A. (1958) Vassar College; Ph.D. (1964) Harvard University. Research specialties: Cultural and ecological processes among sub-Saharan African farmers; Agrobiodiversity; Social and political organization of agrarian systems; Urban farming; Home gardens.

MULLER-LANDAU, Helene Clara, Lead Scientist, CTFS Carbon Initiative. B.A. (1995) Swarthmore College; M.A. (1997), PhD (2001) Princeton University. Research specialties: Plant community ecology; Ecological and evolutionary theory; Anthropogenic influences on forests; Carbon budgets of forest ecosystems.

PAGE, Rachel, Research Scientist. B.A. (1996) Columbia University; Ph.D. (2008) University of Texas, Austin. Research specialties: Vertebrate behavior, sensory and cognitive ecology, predator-prey interactions, signal evolution.

PIPERNO, Dolores R., Archaeologist/Paleobotanist Emeritus. B.A. (1971) Rutgers University; M.A. (1979), PhD (1983) Temple University. Research specialties: Archaeology and human ecology of tropical regions; paleobotany and paleoethnobotany.

ROBERTSON, D. Ross, Biologist. B.Sc. (1966), Hons. (1968), Ph.D. (1974) University of Queensland, Australia. Research specialties: Zoogeography of neotropical shorefishes; Coral reef fishes: behavioral ecology; larval, reproductive and population biology.

ROUBIK, David W., Entomologist. B.S. (1975) Oregon State University; Ph.D. (1979) University of Kansas. Research specialties: Ecology, systematics and behavior of bees, pollination systems; palynology; ecology and entomology.

SALAZAR ALLEN, Noris, Part-time Scientific Staff, STRI and Research Professor and Curator of Bryophytes and Lichens, Department of Botany, Universidad de Panamá. B.A. (1969) Trinity College; M.A. (1973) State University of New York, Geneseo; Ph.D. (1986) University of Alberta, Edmonton. Research specialties: Biosystematics, phytogeography of tropical bryophytes; lichens of Panama.

SANTOS-GRANERO, Fernando, Researcher, Social Anthropology. Licenciatura (1980) Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; M.Sc. (1981), Ph.D. (1986) London School of Economics and Political Science. Research specialties: Native Amazonian leadership and philosophies of power; history of native Amazonian peoples; Amerindian forms of slavery and servitude; tropical American chiefdoms; Amazonian regional economies.

STALLARD, Robert, Research Scientist, Staff. B.S. (1974), Ph.D. (1980) Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Research specialties: Earth-surface environmental processes with a focus on the study of water quantity and quality in streams, weathering, soil development, and erosion as related to land-cover and climate change in the tropics.

TORCHIN, Mark Erik, Staff Scientist. B.A. (1991)University of California, Santa Barbara; M.S. (1994) University of Oregon; Ph.D.(2002) University of California, Santa Barbara. Research specialties: Marine population and community ecology; host-parasite interactions; invasion ecology; conservation biology.

TURNER, Ben, Staff Scientist. B.Sc. (1996) University of Sheffield, UK; Ph.D. (2000) Royal Holloway, University of London, UK. Research specialties: Soil biogeochemistry, including soil organic phosphorus and the nutrition of plants, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, soil carbon, tropical forest soils, tropical wetlands.

WCISLO, William, Biologist. B.S. (1982) University of Michigan; Ph.D. (1991) University of Kansas. Research specialties: Evolutionary biology; ethology; behavior and behavioral evolution of bees, ants and wasps; perception and learning; social evolution; brain evolution.

WEST-EBERHARD, Mary Jane, Entomologist. B.A. (1963), Ph.D. (1967) University of Michigan. Research specialties: Social behavior of wasps; social evolution; sexual and social selection; developmental plasticity and evolution.

WINDSOR, Donald M., Research Biologist. B.S. (1966) Purdue University; Ph.D. (1972) Cornell University. Research specialties: Macroevolutionary studies of Tortoise Beetle (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) diversification related to food plant, parasitoid and mite associations worldwide.

WINTER, Klaus, Biologist. Dr.rer.nat. (1975) Darmstadt; Habil. (1983) Würzburg. Research specialties: Plant Physiology; plant physiological ecology; photosynthesis and photoinhibition; crassulacean acid metabolism; plant responses to elevated CO2.

WRIGHT, S. Joseph, Biologist. A.B. (1974) Princeton University; Ph.D. (1980) University of California, Los Angeles. Research specialties: Ecology of tropical forests; community ecology.

AFFILIATED RESEARCH STAFF

ASHTON, Mark S., Research Associate. B.S.(1982) University of Maine, Orono; M.F. (1985), Ph.D. (1990) Yale University. Research specialties: Tree seedling ecology, physiological and morphological adaptations of leaves to environment, forest microenvironments, disturbance and landscape level dynamics of forests and their applications to: regeneration silviculture of natural forests, restoration of degraded forestlands, plantation analogs of mixed-species stands, and silviculture of non-timber forest crops.

BARRIOS, Hector, Professor of Entomology, University of Panama. Ph.D. Instituto de Zoologia de la Academia de Sciencias. Research specialties: Entomology.

BASSET, Yves, Research Associate. M.Sc. (1984) University of Neuchatel, Switzerland; Ph.D. (1990) Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Research specialties: Herbivory and insect-plant interactions, particularly species richness and host-specificity of insect herbivores; community structure and taxonomy of tropical arboreal arthropods; community ecology; training of parataxonomists; arthropod monitoring in tropical rainforests.

BOOMSMA, J.J. Koos, Research Associate. MSc (1977), PhD (1982) Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Research specialties: Social Evolution; Conflict and Cooperation; Co-evolution Mating systems; Conservation.

BREEDY, Odalisca, Research Associate. B.A.(1979), Licence (1986), M.A.(2003) Universidad dde Costa Rica. Research specialties: Octocoral taxonomy and biogeography, eastern Pacific and Caribbean.

COFFROTH, Mary-Alice, Research Affiliate. B.S. (1976) College of William and Mary ; M.S. (1981), Ph.D. (1988) University of Miami. Research specialties: Cnidarian-symbiont interactions, dynamics of the coral-algal symbioses, including the establishment and early ontogeny of these important symbioses, population structure of marine communities using genetic markers.

COLEY, Phyllis, Research Affiliate. PhD (1981) University of Chicago. Research specialties: Tropical plant ecology; plant herbivore interactions, chemical ecology.

COLLINS, Laurel, Research Associate. B.S. (1974) University of Maryland; M.S. (1985) George Washington University; M.Phil. (1985), Ph.D. (1989) Yale University. Research specialties: Paleobiology of foraminifera, paleoenvironments, Caribbean, Tropical Eastern Pacific.

DALLING, James, Research Associate. B.A. (1988) Oxford University; Ph.D. (1992) Cambridge University. Research specialties: Seed ecology and forest regeneration.

DAVIDAR, Priya, Research Associate. B.Sc. (1973), M.Sc. (1975) Madras University; Ph.D. (1979) Bombay University; S.M. (1985) Harvard University. Research specialties: Tropical forest ecology and conservation, pollination and seed dispersal mutualisms, biodiversity of Andaman islands and Western Ghats of India.

DICK, Christopher William, Research Associate. B.A. (1990) Hampshire College; Ph.D. (1999) Harvard University. Research specialties: population genetics, phylogeny, phylogeography of tropical forest trees.

DUDA JR., Thomas Franklin, Research Associate. B.S. (1988) Texas A&M University, Galveston; M.A. (1992) San Francisco State University; PhD. (1999) Harvard University. Research specialties: Evolution of marine mollucs (population genetics, phylogenetics, biogeography and molecular evolution).

DUDLEY, Robert, Research Associate. B.S. (1983) Duke University; Ph.D. (1987) University of Cambridge. Research specialties: Biomechanics, physiology, and evolution of flight in insects and vertebrates.

ELSENBEER, Helmut, Research Associate. Diploma (1980) University of Munich; M.S. (1982) University of California, Davis; Ph.D. (1989) North Carolina State University, Raleigh. Research specialties: Hydrological, hydrochemical and surficial processes in tropical ecosystems (natural and man-made) and their response to land-use change.

FERRAZ, Gonzalo, Research Associate. Licenciatura (1995) University of Lisbon; Ph.D. (2004) Columbia University, New York. Research specialties: Population ecology and site-occupancy dynamics.

GERWICK, William H., Research Associate. B.S. (1976) University of California, Davis; Ph.D. (1981) Uinversity of California, San Diego. Research specialties: Marine natural products chemistry and drug discovery; biosynthesis and molecular biology of marine natural products.

GILBERT, Gregory, Research Associate. B.S. (1985) State University of New York; M.S. (1988), Ph.D. (1991) University of Wisconsin, Madison. Research specialties: Plant disease ecology, fungal community ecology, and tropical forest ecology and conservation.

HARMS, Kyle E., Research Associate. B.S. (1989) Iowa State University; Ph.D. (1997) Princeton University. Research specialties: Population, community, and evolutionary ecology of tropical forests and sub-tropical pine savannas.

IBÁÑEZ, Roberto, Research Associate. B.S. (1982) Universidad de Panama; M.S. (1988), Ph.D. (1991) University of Connecticut. Research specialties: Behavior, ecology and systematics of amphibians and reptiles; watershed ecology.

JIGGINS, Christopher, Research Associate. B.A. Hons (1993) University of Cambridge, UK; Ph.D. (1997) University College London, UK. Research specialties: Genetic basis of adaptation and speciation in mimetic butterflies.

KASPARI, Michael, Research Associate. B.S. (1983), M.S. (1985) University of Nebraska; Ph.D. (1992) University of Arizona. Research specialties: Community and Biogeography of soil communities, with a taxonomic focus on ants.

KAYS, Roland, Research Associate. B.A.(1993) Cornell University; Ph.D.(1999) University of Tennessee. Research specialties: Temperate and neotropical mammals, especially carnivores; radio-telemetry; non-invasive surveys; spatial ecology; canopy biology.

KITAJIMA, Kaoru, Research Associate. B.A. (1984) University of Tokyo; M.S. (1987), Ph.D. (1992) University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Research specialties: Plant functional traits; physiological ecology of tropical trees; seed and seedling ecology; plant-soil interactions; functional basis for plant invasion.

KRAUSE, Heinrich, Research Affiliate. M.S.(1964), Ph.D.(1966) University of Bonn. Research specialties: Physiological responses of tropical plants to high solar radiation.

LASKER, Howard, Research Associate. B.S. (1972), M.S. (1973) University of Rochester; Ph.D. (1978) University of Chicago. Research specialties: Ecology of coral reef invertebrates with emphasis on the population ecology and population structure of Caribbean gorgonians.

LIPS, Karen, Research Affiliate. B.S. (1988) University of South Florida; Ph.D. (1995) University of Miami. Research specialties: Ecology and conservation of tropical amphibians and reptiles; amphibian population declines; wildlife diseases; role of amphibians in tropical ecosystems.

LOVEJOY, Thomas E., Research Associate. B.S. (1964), PhD. (1971) Yale. Research specialties: Tropical ecology; conservation biology; environment/policy.

MALLET, James, Research Affiliate. B.A. (1976) University of Oxford; Ph.D (1984) University of Texas, Austin. Research specialties: Speciation, hybrid zones, mimicry, natural selection in the wild.

MAYO, Julia, Research Associate. Ph.D. (2004) Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España. Research specialties: stone or earthen features, such as mines, low relief carvings (“petroglyphs”), platforms, ditches, groups of sculpted and un-sculpted stone columns, dry stone walls, stone and cobble pavements, and stone and earthen circles and mounds; Gran Coclé precolumbian culture area of central Panama relation to the exploitation of the natural resources.

MEYLAN, Anne, Research Associate. B.S.(1974), M.S. (1978), Ph.D. (1984), University of Florida. Research specialties: Reproductive biology, ecology and migrations of marine turtles; global status of hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata).

MEYLAN, Peter, Research Associate. B.S. (1976), M.S. (1980), Ph.D. (1985) University of Florida. Research specialties: Ecology, phylogeny, systematics and paleontology of reptiles especially turtles.

NATHAN, Ran, Research Associate. B.Sc. (1992), M.Sc. (1994), Ph.D. (1999) Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Research specialties: Movement Ecology, seed dispersal, plant population dynamics, spatiotemporal dynamics, mechanistic models, bird migration, animal foraging.

OGDEN, Fred L., Research Associate. B.S. (1987), M.S. (1989), Ph.D.(1992) Colorado State University. Research specialties: Hydrologic Model Development, Physical Hydrology, Hydrologic and Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Hydraulics, Ecohydrology.

POTVIN, Catherine, Research Associate. B.Sc. (1981); M.Sc. (1982) University of Montreal, Canada; Ph.D. (1985) Duke University. Research specialties: Plant ecology, global change biology, ethnobotany.

RICKLEFS, Robert E., Research Affiliate. A.B. (1963) Stanford University; Ph.D. (1967) University of Pennsylvania. Research specialties: Evolutionary ecology; historical biogeography of the West Indies; life-history diversification in birds; avian malaria parasites.

ROBERTS, Tyson, Research Associate. B.A. (1961), Ph.D. (1968) Stanford University. Research specialties: Ichthyology: systematics and evolutionary biology of fishes; Khmerology: portraits statues of ancient Cambodian divine kings.

RYAN, Michael, Research Affiliate. B.A. (1975) Glassboro State College; M.S.(1977) Rutgers University; Ph.D. (1982) Cornell University. Research specialties: Evolution and mechanisms of animal behavior, especially animal communication and sexual selection.

SÁNCHEZ-AZOFEIFA, G. Arturo, Research Associate. B.Sc. (1990) University of Costa Rica; M.Sc. (1993), Ph.D. (1996) University of New Hampshire. Research specialties: Hyperspectral remote sensing, tropical dry forests.

SCHNITZER, Stefan A., Research Associate. Ph.D. (2001) University of Pittsburgh. Research specialties: Plant Community Ecology; Tropical Forest Ecology; Plant Competition; Ecology of Lianas.

SRYGLEY, Robert, Research Associate. B.A. (1983) University of Washington; Ph.D. (1991) University of Texas. Research specialties: Physiology, behavior, evolution and ecology of insect migration, predator-prey interactions, and flight.

VAN BAEL, Sunshine, Associate Scientist. B.A. (1996) University of Chicago; Ph.D. (2003) University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Research specialties: plant-animal-microbial interactions, vertebrate ecology.

VENCL, Fredic, Research Associate. B.A. (1972) Hiram College; M.A .(1975), Ph.D. (1977) Stony Brook University. Research specialties: Evolution of dietary specialization in phytophagous insects and its relation to host plant and insect diversification; speciation via sexual selection; taxonomy and systematics of shining leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae); sexual selection fireflies (Lampyridae).

WARKENTIN, Karen, Research Associate. B.Sc. (1985) University of Guelph; M.Sc. (1990) Dalhousie University; Ph.D. (1998) University of Texas, Austin. Research specialties: Phenotypic plasticity, behavioral ecology & ecological developmental biology of amphibians, especially egg and larval stages; Predator-prey interactions and inducible hatching; Vibrations as an information source; Ecology of fear.

WIKELSKI, Martin C., Research Associate. Diploma (1991) Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; Ph.D. (1994) University of Bielefeld, Germany. Research specialties: Radio tracking; birds; migration; Physiological ecology; field endocrinology; field energetics.

ZOTZ, Gerhard, Research Associate. M.Sc. (1989); Ph.D. (1993) University of Wuerzburg, Germany. Research specialties: Ecology of vascular and non-vascular epiphytes; tropical biodiversity; ecophysiology of mosses.

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