Proceedings of the Smithsonian Marine Science Symposium

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Contents
Overview of Smithsonian Marine Science

Introduction to the Smithsonian Marine Science Network
Michael A. Lang, Smithsonian Office of the Under Secretary for Science

Land-Sea Interactions and Human Impacts in the Coastal Zone
Anson H. Hines, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce: Thirty-Eight Years of Research on the Marine Biodiversity of Florida
Valerie J. Paul, Julianne Piraino, Laura Diederick, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems: Thirty-Five Years of Smithsonian Marine Science in Belize
Klaus Ruetzler, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Marine Research, Education, and Conservation
in Panama
D. Ross Robertson, John H. Christy, Rachel Collin, Richard G. Cooke, Luis D'Croz, Karl W. Kaufmann, Stanley Heckadon Moreno, Juan L. Mate, Aaron O'Dea, Mark E. Torchin,
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Marine Biodiversity, Evolution, and Speciation

Protandric Simultaneous Hermaphroditism Is a Conserved Trait in Lysmata (Caridea: Lysmatidae): Implications for the Evolution of Hermaphroditism in the Genus
J. Antonio Baeza, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Reconciling Genetic Lineages with Species in Western Atlantic Coryphopterus (Teleostei: Gobiidae)
Carole C. Baldwin, Lee A. Weigt, David G. Smith, Julie H. Mounts, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Recent Insights into Cnidarian Phylogeny
Allen G. Collins, National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Biodiversity and Abundance of Sponges in Caribbean Mangrove: Indicators of Environmental Quality
Maria Cristina Diaz, Museo Marino de Margarita, Venezuela
Klaus Ruetzler, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) Variation in the Gorgonian Coral Pseudopterogorgia bipinnata in Belize and Panama
Daniel Dorado, Juan A. Sanchez, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

Obvious Invaders and Overlooked Infauna: Unexpected Constitutents of the Decapod Crustacean Fauna at Twin Cays, Belize
Darryl L. Felder, Rafael Robles, Heather D. Bracken, Amanda M. Windsor, Jennifer M. Felder, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Peter C. Dworschak, Naturhistorisches Museum in Wien
Rafael Lemaitre, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Imposex in One of the World's Busiest Shipping Zones
Carter Li, McGill University
Rachel Collin, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific Online Information System
D. Ross Robertson, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Nephasoma pellucidum: A Model Species for Sipunculan Development?
Anja Schulze, Texas A&M University at Galveston
Mary E. Rice, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Mitochondrial Phylogeography of the Intertidal Isopod Excirolana braziliensis on the Two Sides of the Isthmus of Panama
Renate Sponer, Harilaos A. Lessios, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Stability and Change in the Indian River Area Bryozoan Fauna over a Twenty-Four Year Period
Judith E. Winston, Virginia Museum of Natural History

Biogrography, Invasive Species, and Marine Conservation

The Turtles' Tale: Flagships and Instruments for Marine Research, Education, and Conservation
John G. Frazier, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution

Latitudinal Gradients in Recruitment and Community Dynamics in Marine Epifaunal Communities: Implications for Invasion Success
Amy L. Freestone, Richard W. Osman, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Robert B. Whitlatch, University of Connecticut

Ex Situ Culture of Caribbean and Pacific Coral Larvae Comparing Various Flow-Through Chambers
Mary Hagedorn, Virginia L. Carter, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution
Lea Hollingsworth, JoAnne C. Leong, Roland Kanno, University of Hawaii
Eric H. Borneman, University of Houston
Dirk Peterson, Michael Laterveer, Rotterdam Zoo
Michael Brittsan, Columbus Zoo and Aquarium
Mark Schick, John G. Shedd Aquarium

Worldwide Diving Discoveries of Living Fossil Animals from the Depths of Anchialine and Marine Caves
Thomas M. Iliffe, Texas A&M University at Galveston
Louis S. Kornicker, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Decimating Mangrove Forests for Commercial Development in the Pelican Cays, Belize: Long-Term Ecological Loss for Short-Term Gain?
Ian G. Macintyre, Marguerite A. Toscano, Maria A. Faust, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution
Ilka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Using the Panama Canal to Test Predictions about Tropical Marine Invasions
Gregory M. Ruiz, Katherine Grant, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Mark E. Torchin, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean
Patricia A. Tester, Amy W. Nau, R. Wayne Litaker, National Ocean Service, NOAA
Rebecca L. Feldman, RLF Environmental
Maria A. Faust, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution

Forces of Ecological Change in Marine Systems

History of Reef Coral Assemblages on the Rhomboid Shoals of Belize
Richard B. Aronson, Florida Institute of Technology
Ian G. Macintyre, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
Anke M. Moesinger, Michael R. Dardeau, Dauphin Island Sea Lab
William F. Precht, Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, NOAA

Climate and Hydrological Factors Affecting Variation in Chlorophyll Concentration and Water Clarity in the Bahia Almirante, Panama
Rachel Collin, Luis D'Croz, Plinio Gondola, Juan B. Del Rosario, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Nutrient and Chlorophyll Dynamics in Pacific Central America (Panama)
Luis D'Croz, Aaron O'Dea, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

Growth to Nutrient Conservation in Rhizophora mangle in Response to Fertilization along Latitudinal and Tidal Gradients
Ilka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Catherine E. Lovelock, University of Queensland
Cyril Piou, Institut Nacional de la Recherche Agronomique, France

Underwater Spectral Energy Distribution and Seagrass Depth Limits along an Optical Water Quality Gradient
Charles L. Gallegos, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
W. Judson Kenworthy, NOAA Center for Coastal Fisheries and Habitat Research
Patrick D. Biber, University of Southern Mississippi
Bret S. Wolfe, University of Virginia

Interannual Variation in Gelatinous Zooplankton and Their Prey in the Rhode River, Maryland
Eileen S. Graham, Danielle M. Tuzzolino, Rebecca B. Burrell, Denise L. Breitburg, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Patterns of Water Quality and Movement in the Vicinity of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize
Karen H. Koltes, U.S. Department of the Interior
Thomas B. Opishinski, Interactive Oceanographics

Global Change and Marsh Elevation Dynamics: Experimenting Where Land Meets Sea and Biology Meets Geology
J. Adam Langley, Marc V. Sigrist, James Duls, J. Patrick Megonigal, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Donald R. Cahoon, James C. Lynch, U.S. Geological Survey

Herbivory, Nutrients, Stochastic Events, and Relative Dominances of Benthic Indicator Groups on Coral Reefs: A Review and Recommendations
Mark M. Littler, Diane S. Littler, Barrett L. Brooks, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution

Impacts of Human Disturbance on Soil Erosion Potential and Habitat Stability of Mangrove-Dominated Islands in the Pelican Cays and Twin Cays Ranges, Belize
Karen L. McKee, William C. Vervaeke, U.S. Geological Survey

An Overview of Symbiont-Bleaching in the Epiphtic Foraminiferan Sorites dominicensis
Susan L. Richardson, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

New Perspectives on Ecological Mechanisms Affecting Coral Recruitment on Reefs
Raphael Ritson-Williams, Valerie J. Paul, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce
Suzanne N. Arnold, Robert S. Steneck, University of Maine
Nicole D. Fogarty, Florida State University
Mark J. A. Vermeij, CARMABI

Do Indian River Lagoon Wetland Impoundments (Easter Florida) Negatively Impact Fiddler Crab (Genus Uca) Populations?
Bjorn G. Tunberg, Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce

Dynamic Hydrology of a Mangrove Island: Twin Cays, Belize
Daniel W. Urish, Raymond M. Wright, Wilfrid Rodriguez, University of Rhode Island
Ilka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center

Ecological Characteristics of Batis maritima in Florida and Belize
Dennis F. Whigham, Ilka C. Feller, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
Michael C. Whigham, University of New Hampshire
Wilfrid Rodriguez, University of Rhode Island
Ryan S. King, Baylor University

Sponge Community Dynamics on Caribbean Mangrove Roots: Significance of Species Idiosyncrasies
Jamie L. Wulff, Florida State University

Index